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全部區域 > 神學 > 信理與神學 > 教會內外

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simon


Posted -
2005/5/26 下午 05:18:27

那麼正教會,甚至基督教會,也應該是從宗徒傳下來的教會了。

edward


Posted -
2005/5/26 下午 07:12:29

正教會與基督新教,在相當程度下亦有「從宗徒傳下來」的特性。但彼此卻有程度上的分別。

正教會與天主教一樣,保有完整的神品聖事。但正教會與羅馬教宗沒有完整的共融。

基督新教的很多宗派,只從「宗徒」繼承了他們認為是《聖經》的正典部分。他們當中,很多人否認神品聖事。天主教會認為他們並無有效的神品聖事。

edward


Posted -
2005/5/26 下午 08:40:59

《教會憲章》第八節:

「這就是基督的惟一教會,我們在信經內所承認的至一、至聖、至公、從宗徒傅下來的教會,我們的救主在其復活後交由伯多祿治理的教會,也就是託給伯多祿和其他宗徒去傳揚與管理的教會,基督把它立為『真理的柱石和基礎』。這一個在今世按社團方式而組織的教會,在天主教內實現,那就是由伯多祿的繼承人及與此繼承人共融的主教們所管理的教會,雖然在此組織以外,仍有許多聖化及真理的要素存在,那都是基督的教會本有的資產,向著大公統一的方向推進。」

按此段落,「天主教」,與尼西亞信經所述的「教會」,可在甚麼意義下,不是同義呢?

edward


Posted -
2005/5/26 下午 08:49:09

教宗若望保祿二世,《Ut Unum Sint》,11:

The Catholic Church thus affirms that during the two thousand years of her history she has been preserved in unity, with all the means with which God wishes to endow his Church, and this despite the often grave crises which have shaken her, the infidelity of some of her ministers, and the faults into which her members daily fall. The Catholic Church knows that, by virtue of the strenghth which comes to her from the Spirit, the weaknesses, mediocrity, sins and at times the betrayals of some of her children cannot destroy what God has bestowed on her as part of his plan of grace ... By God's grace, however, neither what belongs to the structure of the Church of Christ nor that communion which still exists with the other Churches and Ecclesial Communities has been destroyed.

Indeed, the elements of sanctification and truth present in other Christian Communities, in a degree which varies from one to other, constitute the objective basis of the communion, albeit imperfect, which exists between them and the Catholic Church.

To the extent that these elements are found in other Christian Communities, the one Church of Christ is effectively present in them. For this reason the Second Vatican Council speaks of a certain, though imperfect communion. The Dogmatic Constitution Lumen Gentium stresses that the Catholic Church "recognizes that in many ways she is linked" with these Communities by a true union in the Holy Spirit.

edward


Posted -
2005/5/26 下午 09:04:11

《Ut Unum Sint》

13. ... It is not beyond the boundaries of the Catholic community there is an ecclesial vacuum. Many elements of great value (eximia), which in the Catholic Church are part of the fullness of the means of salvation and of the gifts of grace which make up the Church, are also found in other Christian Communities.

14. All these elements bear within themselves a tendency towards unity, having their fullness in that unity. It is not a matter of adding together all the riches scattered throughout the various Christian Communities in order to arrive at a Church which God has in mind for the future ... This reality is something already given ... The elements of this already-given Church exists, found in their fullness in the Catholic Church and, without this fullness, in the other Communities, where certain features of the Christian mystery have at times been more effectively emphasized.

edward


Posted -
2005/5/26 下午 09:41:28

《Ut unum sint》

97. The Catholic Church, both in her praxis and in her solemn documents, holds that the communion of the particular Churches with the Church of Rome, and of their Bishops with the Bishop of Rome, is - in God's plan - an essential requisite of full and visible communion. Indeed full communion, of which the Eucharist is the highest sacramental manifestation, needs to be visibly expressed in a ministry in which all the Bishops recognize that they are united in Christ and all the faithful find confirmation for their faith ...This function of Peter must continue in the Church so that under her sole Head, who is Jesus Christ, she may be visibly present in the world as a communion of all his disciples ...

simon


Posted -
2005/5/26 下午 10:52:57

Edward,

繞了那麼多個圈,倒不如讓我直問你一句:

當我們說我信唯一至聖至公從宗徒傳下來的教會時,包不包括正教會?

請別再繞圈了。

simon


Posted -
2005/5/26 下午 10:54:55

edward,

你的見解那麼正統,算我向你求教:
「教會」和「教會的成員」有甚麼分別?
「教會有病」和「教會有錯」又有甚麼分別?

你是不是要收學費才肯教我?還是你當初提及「教會」、「教會的成員」、「教會有病」和「教會有錯」時,並沒有深思熟慮,只是隨便說說,現在不再說,當沒有說過?

edward


Posted -
2005/5/26 下午 11:56:15

西滿兄:

關於你所問的第一個問題:「惟一、至聖、至公、從宗徒傳下來的教會,是否亦包括正教會?」

小弟今天早上其實已將答案寫下,現在verbatim再抄一次:

-----------------------------------------
若我們視這惟一的教會(「公教會」),在其必要特質上是建制的,那麼,就建制而言,我們不能將「與羅馬分離的各教會及教會團體」,稱為「在公教會內」--儘管我們承認該些分離弟兄們,與「公教會」有著各種「相連」之處。「他們」不在公教會內的意思,等同於「慕道者」不在公教會內。

他們與公教會相連,但卻不在公教會的有形結構之內。
-----------------------------------------

小弟接著按照傳統神學論及教會的「靈魂和肉身」觀念指出:「公教會」的存在,不僅是有形可見的。她的「現實」、「能力」和「影響」,不祗限於她的有形界線之內。

因此,以現時的事實而言,「惟一至聖至公從宗徒傳下來的教會」,在體制上(corpus)不包括正教會;但在精神領域上(anima)則非常可觀地包括,但不盡完善。

edward


Posted -
2005/5/27 上午 12:10:26

西滿兄:

你所要求的澄清--

「教會」:以基督為首所組成、有形可見的、唯一、至聖、至公、及具宗徒性的團體。(法典204條)

「教會的成員」:因著領受洗禮而加入、並與上述團體有著有形可見聯繫的人士。(法典205條)

「教會的病」:由教會成員(肢體)所作、但與基督(元首)的意願相違的事情。

「教會的錯」:由基督(元首)指定、吩咐、及引導其教會成員(肢體)所行的錯事,或所作的錯誤判斷。

simon


Posted -
2005/5/27 上午 12:53:09

靚仔,

我想我真的很笨,edward那麼不厭其煩地解釋了,我還是糊裡糊塗的。

他說:「『惟(唯)一至聖至公從宗徒傳下來的教會』,在體制上(corpus)不包括正教會;但在精神領域上(anima)則非常可觀地包括。」

那麼,我念《信經》時,是「體制上」地念,還是「精神領域上」地念?
我在彌撒中讀經時,是「體制上」地讀,還是「精神領域上」地讀呢?
原來我們教會的「體制」和「精神領域」是那麼不同的。

我真的愈來愈糊塗了。你看我是否無藥可救?

Cecil


Posted -
2005/5/27 上午 09:34:40

建制的問題,很複雜很政治化的吧.
在祈禱的領域上,不用也談建制吧?
我們是可以直接祈禱的司祭,不是嗎?

edward


Posted -
2005/5/27 上午 10:23:45

西滿兄:

請參閱《教會憲章》第八條:

------------------------

惟一的中保耶穌基督在人間建立祂的聖教會,並時刻支援她,使她成為一個信望愛三德的團體,也是一個有形可見的組織(九),並藉著她向眾人傳播真理與聖寵,這一個含有聖統組織的社團,亦即基督的玄奧身體是可見的而又是精神的團體;是人間的教會,而又是富有天上神恩的教會;這不是兩件不同的事物,而只是一件複合的真象,包括著人為的與神為的成分(十)。所以用一個不平凡的類比來說,就好像聖子取人性的奧蹟一樣。如同天主聖子所取的人性。不能再分解,而為祂作救世的活工具;同樣地,教會社團性的結構,為賦與生命的基督之神服務,使基督的身體增長(參閱弗:四,16)(十一)。

------------------------

就如人有「身體」和「靈魂」,教會亦有她「建制」和「精神」的領域。兩者是同一存有的兩個要素。

當我們念信經時,我們所指的「教會」,不僅是她有形可見的建制(「教會」在該建制內,是整全的實現),亦包括她有形領域外的屬靈現實。後者是前者的外延(extension)--縱然它並不完整。

Edward現時有否出現於家中吃飯?是。
Edward現時是否出現於論盡的討論區?亦是。

兩者是在不同意義下,指涉同一的現實。就如《憲章》所稱:這不是兩件不同的事物,而是一個複合的真象。

edward


Posted -
2005/5/27 上午 10:33:26

我們是否「可以直接祈禱的司祭」?

Again, yes and no.

我們所有的祈禱,都是藉著基督,在聖神內,獻給天父的。
我們是藉著參與教會,而與基督相連。
在聖洗中,這是起始;在彌撒中,這是彰顯;在天堂中,這是最終的實現。

若如迦拉達書所言,「基督在我內生活」,則在此意義及條件下,我們亦「直接」祈禱。

simon


Posted -
2005/5/27 下午 12:37:37

Edward,

你說:「我們是藉著參與教會,而與基督相連。」

不參加教會,天天在家裡祈禱,並在日常生活中愛人,也可以和基督相連。

參加基督教會,在「有形的公教」以外,也可以和基督相連。

你當然會說,在公教會內生活,才是「最」和基督相連的方法。「體制上」最相連並不能保證甚麼,在我們的公教會內,仍是出現罪惡,有時比基督教更嚴重。而我們也沒有證據顯示,羅馬天主教徒,整體上比基督教徒犯較少的罪,或更肖似耶穌。

simon


Posted -
2005/5/27 下午 01:16:09

Edward,

我不是中文老師,不過我注意到你常常寫「惟一」。我想正確的用法如下:

唯一
惟有

edward


Posted -
2005/5/27 下午 01:16:47

西滿兄:

若按你的思路發展,「好人必可上天堂」,「不信耶穌的亦可以是好人」。那麼,信不信天主或入不入天主教都冇甚所謂。因為你知道「天主愛你」,你用主觀覺得是「愛天主」的方法去愛祂,就得了。因此沒有必要考慮祂曾否告知過你甚麼,更不用信祂。

基督信仰作為一種啟示信仰,並不是不知道「天主無所不在」。但因著天主聖子的降生成人,我們可以指著主耶穌的肉身說:「這就是天主、祂就在這兒。大家可以在這裡找到天主!」我們相信這是天主將自己啟示給我們的目的和意義。

若我們承認「天主的啟示」有何真實意義,則我們需要明白我們應如何按天主的意願去調整我們的生活,而不是按己意來調整天主的啟示。

「的確,天主拯救眾人的恩寵經已出現,教導我們:棄絕不虔敬的生活,和世俗的貪慾,有節制地、公正地、虔敬地在今世生活,期待所希望的幸福和我們偉大的天主及救主耶穌基督光榮的顯現。祂為我們捨棄了自己,是為救贖我們脫離一切罪惡,洗淨我們,使我們能成為祂的選民,叫我們熱心行善。」(鐸二11-14)

作為天主教徒,我們完整地加入了基督所建立的教會,因而承擔了祂在世的使命。若我們能按照救主的教訓,則能參與祂的工程而結出果實。相反,教會內的一切罪惡,都是由於她的成員,對她訓誨的無知和輕視。我們從來不否認,我們自己很多時對基督啟示的真理充耳不聞。

在此角度下,就如主所說的:「給誰的多,向誰要的也多」(路十二48)。天主既是公義的,那麼,我們作為天主教會的成員,要在往後的日子,受主基督更嚴厲的審判。

靚仔


Posted -
2005/5/27 下午 01:21:38

西滿兄:

我一早就說過edward這種詮釋是解不通的,所以你不明白是很正常的.
合一的路就是要重新思考羅馬主教的角色.
教會作為一個"communion"而不是"機構","體制"的反思.
不如我們問回一個簡單(根本)的問題,甚麼是particular church,甚麼是catholic church.

edward


Posted -
2005/5/27 下午 01:33:41

西滿兄:

多謝你的提點。

查過字典:兩字其實相通。算是「合法差異」吧?
個人則比較喜歡「樹心邊」的偏旁。

不過小弟再查考彌撒經書的「尼西亞信經」和「天主教教理」的文本,又的確是「唯一」。

為了尊重教會,小弟今後在引述信經時,會用「唯一」。

simon


Posted -
2005/5/27 下午 01:41:11

edward,

我並不是鼓勵人不去教堂,也不是叫人不必加入天主教會,否則,我不會當讀經員,又介紹人入慕道班。

我只是說:

與天主連繫的方法非單一模式,而我們也不會排除(其實是相當肯定)羅馬天主教會以外的救恩。
我是期待將來在天國,會和佛教徒,包括釋迦牟尼見面的。

edward


Posted -
2005/5/28 上午 12:21:29

靚仔兄:

將概念簡化為「教會作為一個『共融』(communio)而『不是機構或體制』(societas constituta)」,依然是此路不通的。

教會一向的訓導,均指出她是被主基督建立為一個建制性的社團。縱然她有其屬靈的領域,其效能在其有形疆界外以不同程度展現,然而我們並不能因此而犧牲她作為一個「建制」的要素。缺乏此一「建制」,則教會在塵世將無可容身之處(nowhere to subsist on earth)。

請參閱教宗庇護十二世的詔書《基督奧體》(Mystici corporis):

If we would define and describe this true Church of Jesus Christ – which is the holy, catholic, apostolic, Roman Church – we shall find no expression more noble, more sublime or more divine than the phrase which calls it “the mystical Body of Jesus Christ”. This title is derived from and is, as it were, the fair flower of the repeated teaching of Sacred Scripture and the holy Fathers.

That the Church is a body is frequently asserted in Sacred Scripture. “Christ”, says the apostle, “is the head of His body, the Church” (Col 1,18). If the Church is a body, it must be an unbroken unity according to those words of Paul: “So we, though many, are one body in Christ” (Rom. 12,5). But it is not enough that the Body of Christ be an unbroken unity: it must be also something definite and perceptible to the senses, as our predecessor of happy memory, Leo XIII, in his encyclical Satis Cognitum asserts: “The Church is visible because she is a body.” It is an error in the matter of divine truth to imagine that the Church is invisible, intangible, something merely spiritual, as they say, by which many Christian communities, though they differ from each other in their profession of faith, are united by a bond that is invisible to the senses.

… We, therefore, deplore and condemn the pernicious error of those who conjure up from their fancies an imaginary Church, a kind of Society that finds its origin and growth in charity, to which they somewhat contemptuously oppose another which they call juridical. To draw such a distinction is utterly futile. For they fail to understand that the divine Redeemer had one single purpose in view when He wanted the community of men of which He was the founder to be established as a society perfect in its own order and possessing all juridical and social elements – the purpose, namely, of perpetuating the salutary work of the redemption here on earth. And it was for the very same purpose that He wanted that society to be enriched with the heavenly gifts of the consoling Spirit. The eternal Father, indeed, wished it to be the “Kingdom of His beloved Son” (Col 1,13), but it was to be a real kingdom, in which all believers would make the obeisance of their intellect and will, and humbly and obediently model themselves on Him, who for our sake “became obedient unto death” (Phil 2,8). There can, then, be no real opposition or conflict between the invisible mission of the Holy Spirit and the juridical commission of ruler and teacher received from Christ. Like body and soul in us, they complement and perfect one another, and have their source in our one Redeemer, who not only said, as He breathed on the apostles: “Receive the Holy Spirit” (Jn 20,22), but also clearly commanded, “As the Father has sent me, even so I send you” (Jn 20,21), and again: “He who hears you, hears me” (Lk 10,16).

edward


Posted -
2005/5/28 上午 12:35:59

西滿兄:

就如本題起始所引述的文獻所稱:教會為任何人的得救,都是必須的。

天主啟迪人靈,有著不同模式,但其基本主題則一樣。

因此,若釋迦牟尼真是得救的話,他也是藉著基督和參與祂的教會而得救的。

simon


Posted -
2005/5/28 下午 03:27:07

edward,

每個人的得救,都要經過基督。所以我相信,亞巴郎在天上經過基督而得救。

我也期待,佛祖亦因著基督而得救。

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