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全部區域 > 神學 > 禮儀與聖事 > 有外形而沒有實質的“幻像”???

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mitrophanes


Posted -
2003/9/11 下午 10:20:00

一次看見一個我的同道(正教的信徒)提了一個問題﹕
既然羅馬天主教主張聖體血的“質變”理論﹐同時又認為﹐如果聖體血因保存不善而腐壞﹐或因其他原因而實際上不再具有“可食性”那麼主的臨在就不再繼續了。那麼在羅馬天主教看來﹐腐敗後余下的餅(酒)形究竟是什麼呢﹖難道是一種只有外形而沒有實質(OUSIA / ESSENTIA)的“幻像”麼﹖因為按照天主教所言﹐餅酒的實質在祝聖時候已經消失了﹐而當餅酒形腐敗之後﹐主體血的實質也不再和腐化的餅酒形相系﹐那麼究竟剩下了什麼呢﹖
請問各位對此的看法如何﹖

simon


Posted -
2003/9/14 上午 12:43:16

餅酒經祝聖後變「質」,並不是指化學上的變質。
我想如果拿去做化學分析,祝聖前後的餅酒,該沒有分別。
變質,是指化學成份以外的「東西」。

edward


Posted -
2003/9/14 下午 06:13:27

祝聖後餅酒形態腐壞後到底成了甚麼,相信是按程度而言。若餅酒之「形」(顏色、味道、形狀)尚存,只是稍微改變,則其本質上仍是聖體和聖血。但若餅酒之形已全癈,你的感官不能從其物理形態認出是「餅」和「酒」,那就成為另一物了。

就算是一般的餅酒,其腐壞的機制和因素亦各有不同,所以就其腐壞後的產物而言,亦很難一概而論。你若將它吃掉,則消化而成為你的一部分;用火燒,則成灰燼,如此類推。

Mitrophanes


Posted -
2003/9/23 下午 08:31:55

回應西滿兄﹕
餅酒經祝聖後變「質」,並不是指化學上的變質。
我想如果拿去做化學分析,祝聖前後的餅酒,該沒有分別。
變質,是指化學成份以外的「東西」。

根據我所理解的羅馬天主教教義﹕被改變的是餅酒的本質(OUSIA)。而被改變以後的聖物(聖體血SANCTA CORPUS ET SANGUIS)仍然體現出被改變之前的物理和化學特性(形狀﹐顏色﹐溫度﹐體積﹐重量等)惟此等特性並非聯繫于餅酒的本質(因為已經消失)。而是被支持于天主體血的本質(ESSENTIA CORPORIS ET SANGUINIS CHRISTI)﹐是以“奇跡”方式存在的。因為在下沒有讀過羅馬天主教的神學﹐以上的印象是來自年幼時所閱讀的奧托的信理神學大綱和張希賢的倫理神學綱要的聖事倫理部份。
不知在下的理解是否正確。

edward


Posted -
2003/9/23 下午 08:46:11

我們一般稱這裡的「質」為「substantia」而不稱為「essentia」。

兩者之間,究竟有何分別呢?

Mitrophanes


Posted -
2003/9/23 下午 08:50:10


回應edward兄:
祝聖後餅酒形態腐壞後到底成了甚麼,相信是按程度而言。若餅酒之「形」(顏色、味道、形狀)尚存,只是稍微改變,則其本質上仍是聖體和聖血。

這一點沒有異議。就好像如果在彌撒中不慎有灰塵或其他細微污物玷染了聖體血﹐那麼聖體血還是聖體血。不然的話﹐就會使人以為聖體血是一種“極不穩定﹐稍瞬即逝”的存在﹐而產生無盡的疑問了。

但若餅酒之形已全癈,你的感官不能從其物理形態認出是「餅」和「酒」,那就成為另一物了。

這就是問題所在了﹐既然祝聖後的餅酒形下的本質是主的聖體血﹐且餅酒形的存續是“奇跡”性的。何以會腐壞以至于“餅酒形全廢”﹖還有﹐“成為另一物”的機理又是甚麼﹖一般司鐸所常言的“主不再繼續臨在于腐壞的餅酒形下”根本就是馬丁路德的“同在論”嘛。因為按照天主教的理論﹐祝聖之後﹐基督不是“臨在”于餅酒中﹐而是根本就沒有了餅酒﹐只有基督聖體血﹐而通過主的奇跡﹐使這聖體血看上去﹐模上去﹐以及吃起來都“象”是餅酒而已。所以不存在“繼續臨在”和“不繼續臨在”的問題。除非您說﹐基督在聖體櫃內等的不耐煩﹐故在某個時刻﹐發生了一個和彌撒中祝聖餅酒同等的奇跡﹐只不過是祝聖的“反過程”﹐基督從無中創造出了“腐化後餅酒的本質”好成全那“另一物”的存在﹐然後便功成身退﹖

就算是一般的餅酒,其腐壞的機制和因素亦各有不同,所以就其腐壞後的產物而言,亦很難一概而論。你若將它吃掉,則消化而成為你的一部分;用火燒,則成灰燼,如此類推。

您這裡說的“一般的餅酒”不是我們此次討論的對象啊。

edward


Posted -
2003/9/25 下午 11:01:37

這實在是一個有趣的問題。想了整整兩天,終有了點點兒頭緒,現在嘗試寫出來。

按小弟理解,體變論(Transubstantiation)的重點,是說明在聖體聖事中,餅酒的實質(在這裡簡稱為「質」)不再存在,取而代之的是基督的體血。餅酒的依附體(簡稱為「形」),則繼續存在。

如上所述,餅酒被祝聖後,可看亦可摸,被火燒則成灰,可被人吃,亦可被蟲子吃;多吃了可令人飽,而多喝了亦可令人醉。由此經驗可知,它可承受不同種類的變化和影響其他物體。

之後,我們的問題是:在這變動的過程中,究竟是基督體血的實體承受著變化,抑或是餅酒的形承受著變化?當用火燒時,是「基督體血的質」抑或是「餅酒的形」變成灰燼呢?若復活主的身體是不朽的,則我相信是「餅酒的形」在承受著變化比較合理。

因此餅酒的這個「形」,不只是「幻覺」這麼簡單。這個「形」,至少是具備相當程度的物理性,既可與外間的事物產生關係,亦有承受變化,即包括消亡、腐壞和成為另一物的能力。

一般事物的「形」是要倚靠「質」的支持才能接受變化,然而在聖體聖事內的「形」,則具備「質」(自立體)的一些特性。基於此,縱然餅酒形之下並沒有自身的自立體,卻仍可以承受變化而作出改變,甚至成為另一物。

在這樣的分析下,聖體聖事中「質的轉變」和「形的保留」是同一個奇跡性的、雙重的行動。而「形」在其後所承受的變化,只是這個奇跡行動的「自然」結果,而不是另外一個奇跡。

mitrophanes


Posted -
2003/9/26 下午 10:14:06

回應﹕
因此餅酒的這個「形」,不只是「幻覺」這麼簡單。這個「形」,至少是具備相當程度的物理性,既可與外間的事物產生關係,亦有承受變化,即包括消亡、腐壞和成為另一物的能力。

此“形”具備物理性”是不言而喻的﹐不然此聖事就等於虛設﹐和“神領聖體”沒有分別了。


一般事物的「形」是要倚靠「質」的支持才能接受變化,然而在聖體聖事內的「形」,則具備「質」(自立體)的一些特性。基於此,縱然餅酒形之下並沒有自身的自立體,卻仍可以承受變化而作出改變,甚至成為另一物。

這就是問題的核心所在。何以在此聖事內的“形”不同于一般事物的“形”而具有自立體的特性呢﹖如果我們還是要堅持士林哲學對聖體血聖事的傳統解釋﹐也就是“體變論”的話﹐必須對此有一個合理的回答。總不能以“理性”入門﹐論說到後來發現不能自圓其說就把理性扔掉﹐而把什麼都歸功于“天主上智”。那還不如象正教一樣﹐從一開始就不要以理性和哲學作為聖事論的進路。

一般來說﹐形的變化是和質的變化相應的﹐不然就等於說世間萬物的形形色色背後都有一個不變的“質”(大梵﹖真如﹖如來藏﹖)這顯然是和基督信仰不相應的。如果說在此聖事中﹐作為質的基督體血不變﹐而形可變﹐卻又無法由合理的解釋﹐而只能歸功于MYSTERIUM FIDEI﹐那其實就是體變論的失敗了﹐繞了一大圈﹐最後還是回到出發點上﹐不如當初就不要進這個圈子裡去繞的好。
至於“變成另一物”就更難以解釋了﹐因為這裡涉及到好幾個難題。第一就是﹐何以會變成另一物﹐‘變’得機理是什麼﹖這個另一物的質還是聖體血嗎﹖若不是﹐它的質是那裡來的﹖是來自上主的“新創造”嗎﹖若是﹐那麼這個新受造的東西﹐和原先的BEATISSIMUM SACRAMENTUM又有什麼關係﹖

還有﹐上回您說的「substantia」「essentia」两字之间的分别,我想了许久,没有什么头绪。因为这两个字在英语中的对应词似乎是含义很相近的。而ESSENTIA对应的希腊字应该是OUSIA,那么SUBSTANTIA的对应希腊字又是什么呢?这还望方家指教了。

edward


Posted -
2003/9/26 下午 11:11:48

小弟以為,體變論和任何神學的理論是否失敗,在乎與你給它一個怎樣的目標。若你要給它「徹底洞察天主的工程」作為目標,則任何理智的努力都終必失敗。

其實體變論和聖三論在神學性質上並沒有甚麼分別,它們都是嘗試用人有限的語言去理解超性奧蹟的現實。

東正教不也有人用「metousiosis」這個字嗎?早期教會論及聖父聖子之間的關係是「homo-ousios」抑或「homoiousios」之間的爭議,不也是同時以啟示和(希臘哲學的)理性作為基礎嗎?

體變論的兩大重點,主要是要講清楚在聖體聖事中,我們所經驗的(餅酒的外在形態)和信德所領略的(基督的聖體聖血)之間的關係。若主耶穌所說的話是真實的,那麼,按照祂的話語來繼續推論,探討在這個前題下的現實,何者是「不矛盾」、何者是「超越人理性所能了解之處」,我不覺得有何大問題。畢竟啟示和理性都是天主所賜予我們的。

除非認為我們的教主耶穌在說「這是我的身體」時實際是「指鹿為馬」,否則我仍覺得這個問題是大有討論餘地的。

edward


Posted -
2003/9/26 下午 11:27:03

現在回到我們剛才討論的問題。

我倒很有興趣知道:Mitrophanes兄和東正教的弟兄們,是怎樣理解餅酒祝聖後的「變動」問題。

先前所作出的討論,是先預設了:餅酒經祝聖成為主的體血後,其物理的形,仍然有腐壞的可能。Mitrophanes兄是否同意這一說法?

又,主的體血在祝聖後的餅酒的臨在,是否永無終止?若然(正如經驗中所曾的確發生過的)被焚燒或砸碎、為細菌或其他生物所蠶食或咀嚼,會否(或能否)成為另一物(灰燼、塵埃、生物內的組成部分)?

這些問題,的確是有現實觀察所得的經驗作為基礎。然而我們的問題是:如何讓這些經驗與主的話語在理性上作出協調?

edward


Posted -
2003/9/26 下午 11:42:04

若祝聖後的餅酒確實有成為另一物的可能,那麼,這變化的起始點是否「主的體血」?在神學上,復活主的體血是否仍有腐壞及變成另一物的可能?況且這裡所說的是「整個的基督」?

若該變化不以「主的體血」為起始點,則應以甚麼為起始點?小弟以為:它應在於祝聖後的餅酒之中、不屬於「主的體血」的部分──這就是餅酒的形。

因此按照以上的推論,祝聖後的餅酒所遺下的「形」,具備著承受改變的能力。若成為另一物的終點是有「質」的話,則這個「形」亦應具備某種「質」的特性。用技術一點的說法:該「依附體」(accidens)具備某種「自立性」(substantialitas)。更技術一點的問題是:「依附體」可否不依附「自立體」,而直接「依附天主」?

MITROPHANES


Posted -
2003/9/29 下午 11:55:14

小弟以為,體變論和任何神學的理論是否失敗,在乎與你給它一個怎樣的目標。若你要給它「徹底洞察天主的工程」作為目標,則任何理智的努力都終必失敗。

同意。

其實體變論和聖三論在神學性質上並沒有甚麼分別,它們都是嘗試用人有限的語言去理解超性奧蹟的現實。

同意。但是不應該有明顯的漏洞才可。根何況羅馬天主教將其定為“信理”也就是說在天主教會看來﹐“體變論”是天啟的了﹐或者至少有天啟的依據﹐那就不應該有任何的矛盾或者漏洞才對的。

東正教不也有人用「metousiosis」這個字嗎?

這也只是一時一地的情況﹐和天主教將體變論定為信理是不可同日而語的。





先前所作出的討論,是先預設了:餅酒經祝聖成為主的體血後,其物理的形,仍然有腐壞的可能。Mitrophanes兄是否同意這一說法?

回應﹕這種說法是來自我們的“現量經驗”是即使我不同意也不能否認的客觀事實。

又,主的體血在祝聖後的餅酒的臨在,是否永無終止?若然(正如經驗中所曾的確發生過的)被焚燒或砸碎、為細菌或其他生物所蠶食或咀嚼,會否(或能否)成為另一物(灰燼、塵埃、生物內的組成部分)?

這確實就是此次討論的核心所在了。 我認為這一切成其為可能是因為在祝聖之後﹐餅酒的“質”並沒有消失。而Edward兄則認為餅酒的“質”雖然不存﹐但是其“形”卻擁有“質”的功用﹐以至可以變為“另一物”。我對Edward兄之見解的理解沒有錯吧﹖


若祝聖後的餅酒確實有成為另一物的可能,那麼,這變化的起始點是否「主的體血」?在神學上,復活主的體血是否仍有腐壞及變成另一物的可能?況且這裡所說的是「整個的基督」?

何以您在此地強調“復活後的主的體血”呢﹖是否在您看來﹐復活在基督的生命中是一個“分水嶺”﹐在復活事件前後主的體血的特性是有所不同的呢﹖若是﹐這樣說法的根據又是甚麼﹖

若該變化不以「主的體血」為起始點,則應以甚麼為起始點?小弟以為:它應在於祝聖後的餅酒之中、不屬於「主的體血」的部分--這就是餅酒的形。
因此按照以上的推論,祝聖後的餅酒所遺下的「形」,具備著承受改變的能力。若成為另一物的終點是有「質」的話,則這個「形」亦應具備某種「質」的特性。用技術一點的說法:該「依附體」(accidens)具備某種「自立性」(substantialitas)。


此處您提出了一個假設﹕“則這個「形」亦應具備某種「質」的特性。用技術一點的說法:該「依附體」(accidens)具備某種「自立性」(substantialitas)。”這個假設若要成立﹐必須有一些明顯的依據﹐或者來自日常的現量經驗﹐或者來自邏輯的合理﹐或者來自聖經﹐或者來自教會的傳承。但是就個人看來﹐以這個說法來護衛“質變論”似乎有些牽強。

更技術一點的問題是:「依附體」可否不依附「自立體」,而直接「依附天主」?

我認為不可﹐這樣說的結果就是為泛神論留下了一個破口。最終可能的後果是﹕“萬物背後的實質都是天主”。再說了﹐這樣的理論要是成立﹐那麼天主教不斷地做彌撒﹐不斷地消耗餅酒。而被祝聖的餅酒以不同的方式被消耗(被領受﹐腐壞。。。。)如果此後由這些餅酒形所轉化的“另一物”都是沒有“質”而“直接依附天主”的話。那麼必然的後果就是這個由天主所創造的美好的﹐實實在在的世界正因着“維皇聖祭”而被不斷地蛀空。每做一臺彌撒﹐世界的“質”就流失掉一些﹐直接依附天主的“另一物”就多一些。如此循環不已﹐不知到那一天﹐說不定我們自己的身體也都因為“勤領主體”而沒有了“質”而是“直接依附天主而存在”﹗這樣看來﹐基督必的快些再臨﹐不然聖伯多祿預言的“世界的原質被火焚盡”就無法應驗了﹐因為這個世界的“原質”就好象石油一樣日漸枯竭﹖

MITROPHANES


Posted -
2003/9/30 上午 12:18:56

關於主“復活後的榮耀的身體不可朽壞”當然是毫無爭議的。但是就我個人所知﹐在正教會看來﹐不但復活後的主的身體是不可朽壞的﹐事實上﹐自從聖母領報時候﹐主取得了肉身的那一刻起﹐主的體血就是不可朽壞的。
請默想以下的事實﹕
1﹐主在襁褓中時﹐在傳教淑人之時﹐在大博爾易容時﹐在十字架上﹐在墳墓中﹐以及如今在父右﹐其肉身是否是不同的﹐是在特質上有分別的﹖若是﹔則主建立聖體血聖事在復活之前﹐是否當時在“原始感恩祭”中諸聖宗徒所領受的“復活前”的聖體血和我們今日所領受的“復活後”的聖體血有所分別﹖
2﹐東西方教會公認﹐主的身體在墳墓中沒有腐壞。因為雖然主的靈魂和肉身分離而導致真實的死亡﹐但是分離後的肉身和靈魂都仍然像系于天主子的位格(HYPOSTASIS FILII DEI)。因此﹐在同一時刻﹐下降陰府的是天主﹐安眠于墳墓的是天主﹐和右盜同入樂園的是天主﹐不離父右的還是同一個天主。如果主的無玷之體不見腐朽的原因是因為結合于天主子的位格的話﹐那麼﹐自取肉身那一刻起﹐聖體血就應該有不腐朽的特質。

simon


Posted -
2003/9/30 上午 12:23:54

讀你們的對話,愈讀愈糊塗。
以下是小弟想出的簡單答案,較輕鬆有趣:

祝聖後的餅酒,成了基督的身體和血。

人吃了,是與耶穌結合。

人若不吃,聖體聖血表面上會變壞。

聖體聖血為甚麼表面上會變壞?因為細菌和真菌在滋生。

因此,本問題的正確答案是:因為我們沒有領聖體聖血,結果被細菌和真菌領了,它們和基督結合了。

領完全變壞了東西是無效的,因為已被細菌真菌捷足先登!

是不是很合理的答案?一笑。

Mitrophanes


Posted -
2003/9/30 上午 12:47:10

但是﹐這也引起一些問題﹕
1﹐首先要搞明白甚麼是腐朽﹖毫無疑問﹐腐朽本身是一種改變。
因此﹐當我們說﹐主在墳墓中沒有經歷腐朽﹐這其實是一個超越人理智的奧秘。因為若是我們僅僅認為從周五受難到週日復活之間沒有明顯的尸班﹐膨脹﹐腐臭等就算是“不腐朽”那時不對的﹐因為這完全可以是自然結果(在生活中﹐也不是人人在死後三天就有可見的“腐朽”征狀的)。我們這裡說的不腐朽是指根本連不可察覺的腐朽的“開端”也沒有發生﹐而且不可能發生。並﹐這個“不可能性”不是由外因(氣溫﹐空氣濕度﹐墳墓內微生物狀態等)決定的﹔決定因素是﹕這個和靈魂分離的肉身仍然結合于天主子的位格。那麼﹐我們一方面要承認當時主的聖體已經停止了所有的生命活動(真實地死亡)﹐一方面卻要堅持同一個毫無生命跡象的身體並沒有開始“腐朽”也就是並沒有開始“分解”。那麼必然可以得出的事實結論明顯是不合常識的﹐比如﹕心臟不再挑動﹐血液循環停止﹐但是血細胞並沒有出現融化(血細胞融化就是‘分解’也即‘腐朽’的開端了)。所有細胞的生命運作停止﹐但是卻不備破壞(細胞膜崩潰﹐細胞內容流出等)。對於這些問題﹐明顯是無法作出符合理性的回答的﹐只能以信德領受。
2﹐如果我們相信主的體血始終具有“不朽”性﹐那麼﹐是否可以得出這樣的結論﹕主的聖體血也具有“不變性”。如果承認主肉身的“不變性”那麼如何解釋主是在“各方面與我們一樣”的人。尤其是如何解釋主肉身的成長。如果否認主的肉身具有“不變性”那麼﹐這種“變”是否是變相的“腐朽”﹖(比如在新陳代謝中被更替的細胞﹐在受難時流失的聖血﹐是否都‘不朽’﹖)主的體表和體內是否和我們一樣有微生物群﹖若是細菌和病毒也一樣可以入侵主體﹐那麼此後引起的炎症等有沒有“腐朽”的特質﹖比如傷口的化膿﹐我們至少可以說是一部分的血細胞在和細菌的戰鬥中死去﹐而成了膿﹐那麼如果主也經歷過化膿的話﹐他的一部分聖血是否就“腐朽”了呢﹖
3﹐是否主在復活後的榮耀身體(CORPUS GLORIAE)是具備不變性的﹖若是﹐主為了證明他不是鬼魂而特意向宗徒取食的那片魚是怎麼回事﹖顯然主是依照常理﹐真實地吃了那片魚﹐不然就等於說主在說謊愚弄宗徒了。如果是這樣﹐那片魚是否經過了常情式的消化﹖被吸收的部份是否進入了主的體內而通過新陳代謝而成為聖體血的一部分﹖余下的部份又是如何被排泄的呢﹖

edward


Posted -
2003/10/1 下午 01:03:41

Mitrophanes兄你所認為的:「祝聖後餅酒的質,並沒有消失」,是否的確是東正教會的看法?這會否陷入了天主教會所譴責而馬丁路德所主張的「consubstantialism」?

據我的理解,東正教對於餅酒在祝聖後,的的確確成了基督的體血這一點,是沒有懷疑的。在這一點上,正教和公教都是肯定著這個真理。

天主教會亦承認為說明餅酒在祝聖時的變化,未必一定要用transubstantiation一詞。然而這辭卻說明了這項變化的一個真理:餅酒的實質,成了主耶穌基督的身體和寶血的實質。這裡所說的substantia是相對於accidens而言。而在這個「信德的奧跡」中,餅酒的形表,卻是繼續存在著。

按小弟的記憶,正教不僅在「一時一地」承認metousiosis和transubstantiation,而且在不少被各地承認的地方會議內運用這個字眼,如:

ORTHODOX CONFESSION (1640)

This Orthodox Confession was drawn up in Russian by Peter Mogila, the Metropolitan of Kieff (among other theologians) and was translated into Greek. It was then approved by the following Orthodox councils and Patriarchs --

(1) the Council of Jassy in 1642
(2) the Patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem in 1643 (all the Eastern Sees)
(3) and the Council of Jerusalem in 1672


The Orthodox Confession of 1640 reads --


"Christ is now in heaven only and not on earth after that manner of the flesh wherein He bore it and lived in it when He was on earth; but after the sacramental manner, whereby He is present in the Holy Eucharist, the same Son of God, God and Man, is also on earth by way of TRANSUBSTANTIATION [kata metousiosis]. For the SUBSTANCE of the bread is changed into the SUBSTANCE of His holy body, and the SUBSTANCE of the wine into the SUBSTANCE of His precious blood.

"Where it is fitting to WORSHIP and ADORE the Holy Eucharist even as our Savior Jesus Himself.
"The priest must know that at the moment when he consecrates the gifts the SUBSTANCE itself of the bread and the SUBSTANCE of the wine are changed into the SUBSTANCE of the real body and blood of Christ through the operation of the Holy Ghost, whom the priest invokes at that time, consecrating this mystery by praying and saying,

'Send down Thy Holy Ghost on us and on these gifts set before Thee, and make this bread the precious body of Thy Christ and that which is in this cup the precious blood of Thy Christ, changing them by Thy Holy Ghost.'

"For immediately after these words the TRANSUBSTANTIATION [metousiosis] takes place, and that bread is changed into the real body of Christ, and the wine into His real blood. ONLY THE SPECIES WHICH ARE SEEN REMAIN, and this by the ordinance of God, first, that we may not see the body of Christ, but may believe that it is there....

"The honor which it is fitting to give to these awful mysteries is of such a kind as that which is given to Christ Himself....This mystery is also OFFERED AS A SACRIFICE on behalf of all orthodox Christians, both the living AND THOSE WHO SLEEP in hope of a resurrection to eternal life; and the SACRIFICE shall never fail until the last Judgment.

"The fruits of this mystery are these: first, the commemoration of the sinless passion and death of Christ....secondly....this mystery is a PROPITIATION AND ATONEMENT WITH GOD FOR OUR SINS BOTH OF THE LIVING AND OF THE DEAD....thirdly....that each Christian who shall frequent this SACRIFICE and partake of this mystery may be delivered by means of it from the temptation and danger of the devil." (Stone, page 177f)

COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE (1642)

Two years after the above Orthodox Confession a council was held at Constantinople to condemn the opinions of Cyril Lucar, specficially --

"He so destroys the Holy Eucharist as to leave to it nothing but an empty figure, as if our worship were still in the shadow of the ancient law. For he says that not the bread which is seen and eaten is, after it has been consecrated, the real body of Christ, but that which is spiritually perceived, or rather represented. Which opinion is full of all impiety. For Jesus did not say, 'This is the figure of My body, ' but 'This is My body,' and 'This is My blood' (Matt 26:26f) -- this, that is, which is seen and taken and eaten and broken, when it has been consecrated and blessed." (Stone, page 179)

DOSITHEUS AND COUNCIL OF JERUSALEM (1672)

Thirty years later, under Dositheus, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, another council was held at Bethlehem where the Confession of Cyril Lucar was again considered. This Council reads on the Eucharist --

"In the celebration of this we believe that our Lord Jesus Christ is present, not figuratively, or in an image, or by superabundant grace, as in the other mysteries, nor by a simple presence, as some of the Fathers have said concerning Baptism, nor by conjunction, as that the Deity of the Word is personally united to the bread of the Eucharist which is set forth, as the LUTHERANS MOST IGNORANTLY AND MISERABLY THINK; but really and actually, so that after the consecration of the bread and the wine the bread is changed, TRANSUBSTANTIATED, transmade, and reordered, into the real body of the Lord itself, which was born in Bethlehem of the Ever-Virgin, was baptized in Jordan, suffered, was buried, rose, ascended, sitteth at the right hand of God the Father, and will come on the clouds of heaven; and the wine is transmade and TRANSUBSTANTIATED into the real blood of the Lord itself, which was poured forth for the life of the world when He hung on the cross.

"Further, we believe that after the consecration of the bread and the wine the SUBSTANCE of the bread and the wine NO LONGER REMAINS, but there is the body itself and the blood of the Lord in the species and form of the bread and the wine, that is to say, under the ACCIDENTS of the bread. Further, that the all-pure body itself and blood of the Lord are distributed and enter the mouth and stomach of the communicants, both pious and impious, only they convey to the pious and worthy remission of sins and eternal life, but they involve to the impious and unworthy condemnation and eternal punishment.

"Further that the body and the blood of the Lord are severed and divided by the hands and teeth by way of ACCIDENT, that is, in the ACCIDENTS of the bread and the wine, in which they are acknowledged to be visible and tangible, while in themselves they remain altogether unsevered and undivided. Wherefore also the Catholic Church says, 'He is separated and distributed who being separated is not divided, who is ever eaten and never consumed, but sanctifies those who partake' [from the Liturgy of St. Basil and St. John Chrysostom], that is, worthily."

"Further, that in every part and the smallest fragment of the changed bread and wine there is not a part of the body and blood of the Lord, for that would be blasphemous and wicked, but the whole Lord Christ wholly in SUBSTANCE, that is, with His soul and Godhead, perfect God and perfect Man. Wherefore, though there may be many celebrations in the world at one and the same hour, there are not many Christs or many bodies of Christ, but one and the same Christ is present really and actually, and His body and His blood are one in all the several churches of the faithful; and this not because the body of the Lord which is in heaven descends on the altars but because the bread which is offered and set forth in all the several churches, being transmade and TRANSUBSTANTIATED, becomes and is after the consecration one and the same as that which is in heaven. For the body of the Lord is one in many places, and not many bodies....

"Further, that the body itself and the blood of the Lord which are in the mystery of the Eucharist ought to be honored in the highest way, and WORSHIPPED WITH DIVINE ADORATION. For the WORSHIP of the Holy Trinity and of the body and blood of the Lord is ONE. Further, that it is a REAL AND PROPITIATORY SACRIFICE offered for all the orthodox living and dead, and for the benefit of all....Further, that before the use immediately after the consecration and after the use that which is kept in the holy pyxes for the reception of those who are about to depart is the real body of the Lord, and not in any respect different from it; so that before the use after the consecration, in the use, and after the use, it is altogether the real body of the Lord.

"Further, that by the word TRANSUBSTANTIATION the manner in which the bread and the wine are transmade into the body and blood of the Lord is not explained; for this is altogether incomprehensible and is impossible except for God Himself; and attempts at explanation bring Christians to folly and error. But the word denotes that the bread and the wine after the consecration are changed into the body and blood of the Lord not figuratively or by way of image or by superabundant grace or by the communication or presence of the Deity alone of the Only Begotten. Neither is any ACCIDENT of the bread and of the wine transmade in any way or by any change into any ACCIDENT of the body and blood of Christ; but REALLY AND ACTUALLY AND SUBSTANTIATIALLY the bread becomes the real body of the Lord itself, and the wine the blood of the Lord itself, as has been said above." (Stone, page 180ff)

The decrees of the Council of Jerusalem of 1672 have remained ever since the authorized statements of the doctrine of the Greek Orthodox Church.

NON-JURORS AND BISHOPS OF THE GREEK CHURCH (1716-1725)

For about ten years a lengthy correspondence took place between the English and Scottish Non-jurors and the Bishops of the Greek Church in hopes of a re-union. The Eucharist was one of the subjects discussed.

Throughout, the Easterns adopted the theological position and terminology of the Council of Jerusalem of 1672, and affirmed that the elements are consecrated by the operation of the Holy Spirit; that by consecration they are changed and TRANSUBSTANTIATED into the body and blood of Christ; that the ACCIDENTS remain; that the whole Christ, perfect God and perfect Man, is substantially in every part of the consecrated species; and that the body of Christ present in the consecrated elements is to be WORSHIPPED and ADORED.

They were careful, however, to quote a synodical declaration of 1691 that explained that in using the word TRANSUBSTANTIATION the Easterns had not borrowed from the West but had followed their own Holy Tradition and that they intended no further definition than that in the Sacrament there is a change of the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ. (see Stone, page 183-184)


COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE (1727)

In an article concerning the Eucharist in an exposition of faith by a council held at Constantinople in 1727 we find a re-affirmation that the word "TRANSUBSTANTIATION" is "the most fitting statement of this mystery" and the "most accurately significant declaration of this change" in the elements. This Council reads --

"It is right to believe and confess that the most mystic and all-holy rite and Eucharist of the holy Liturgy and BLOODLESS SACRIFICE, which is for a memorial of Christ our God voluntarily sacrificed on our behalf, is celebrated in the following way. Leavened bread is offered and wine together with warm water is placed in the holy cup, and they are supernaturally changed, the bread into that life-giving body of the Lord and the wine into His precious blood, by the all-holy Spirit by means of the prayer and invocation of the priest which depends on the power of the words of the Lord.

"Not that the consecration is effected by the words 'Take, eat,' etc., or by the words 'Drink ye all of it,' etc., as the Latins think; for we have been taught that the consecration takes place at the prayer of the priest and at the words which he utters, namely, 'Make this bread the precious body of Thy Christ, and that which is in this cup the precious blood of Thy Christ, changing them by Thy Holy Ghost,' as the most glorious Apostles and Fathers filled with the Spirit who compiled the holy liturgies explained and handed down, and as this tradition of their divine teaching has come to us and to the Holy Church of Christ, and as also is clearly shown by the example of the Lord Himself, who first prayed and then commanded His Apostles, 'Do this for My memorial.'
"Therefore we acknowledge that at the invocation of the priest that ineffable mystery is consecrated, and the living and with-God-united body itself of our Savior and His blood itself are really and substantially present, and that the whole without being in any way impaired is eaten by those who partake and is BLOODLESSLY SACRIFICED. And we believe without any doubt that in the reception and communion of this, even though it be in ONE KIND ONLY, the WHOLE AND COMPLETE CHRIST is present; nevertheless according to the ancient tradition which has prevailed in the Catholic Church we have received that Communion is made by all the faithful, both clergy and laity, individually in both kinds, and not the laity in one kind and the priests in both, as is done in the innovation which the Latins have wrongly made.

"As an explanatory and MOST ACCURATELY SIGNIFICANT DECLARATION OF THIS CHANGE of the bread and the wine into the body of the Lord itself and His blood the faithful ought to acknowledge and receive the word TRANSUBSTANTIATION, which the Catholic Church as a whole has used and receives as the MOST FITTING STATEMENT OF THIS MYSTERY. Moreover they ought to reject the use of unleavened bread as an innovation of late date, and to receive the holy rite in leavened bread, as had been the custom from the first in the Catholic Church of Christ." (Stone, page 182-184)

What this Council shows us is the Eastern Orthodox had differences with the Latins (Catholics) during this period in practice (Communion under both kinds, leavened bread) and the exact moment of consecration, but had no difficulty in affirming the reality of the change by using the term TRANSUBSTANTIATION as the "MOST FITTING STATEMENT OF THIS MYSTERY" and "MOST ACCURATELY SIGNIFICANT DECLARATION OF THIS CHANGE."

因此小弟以為:正教和公教在這項教義上的理解,在相當程度上是一致的。

edward


Posted -
2003/10/1 下午 02:05:16

回應Mitrophanes兄:

此處您提出了一個假設﹕“則這個「形」亦應具備某種「質」的特性。用技術一點的說法:該「依附體」(accidens)具備某種「自立性」(substantialitas)。”這個假設若要成立﹐必須有一些明顯的依據﹐或者來自日常的現量經驗﹐或者來自邏輯的合理﹐或者來自聖經﹐或者來自教會的傳承。但是就個人看來﹐以這個說法來護衛“質變論”似乎有些牽強。

若根據教會的訓導:
一,在祝聖後,餅酒的「質」不再存在;
二,主的體血,不能腐壞或變化。

而根據我們的實際經驗:
我們肉眼所看到的「祝聖後的餅酒」(這裡的「餅酒」已如教父所說的,是「過去式」的餅酒,「現在式」則是基督的體血),又的確能進行一些變化而成為另一物。

按照「邏輯的推理」:

該「祝聖後的餅酒」變化的起源(origin)不是在於「主的體血質的變化」,但事實上,變化的確是發生了。在該「祝聖後的餅酒」的形卻可承受外間事物和力量的影響而成為另一物。按常理而言,該另一物亦是有「質」的物件。

該另一物的「質」,是起源於餅酒的「形」。故按照此推論,該「形」具備著承受物體變化的自立性(或「質」性)。

而這不是牽強與否的問題。若教會的訓導正確而我們又承認肉眼所見的變化的話,那麼這樣的推論方是唯一出路。

教會的正式訓導只是說明了transubstantiatio的信理性,但似乎卻未就祝聖後餅酒的依附體問題作出定斷。教會至今只說:該依附體在「缺乏主體的方式下」仍然存在(exist without a subject),是屬於聖體奧跡的一個奇跡的部分。

edward


Posted -
2003/10/1 下午 02:14:09

我所說的「餅酒的形」是「依附天主」而存在,並不是說天主是該些「形」的自立體,而是說天主不藉著一般我們常識所覺察的「自立體」去承載它們的存在。所以這不存在著「泛神論」的問題。

該些「形」依舊是沒有其「餅酒」的自立體的。然而「主的體血」亦不是它們的「自立體」(substance,subject),故此它們是以奇跡性的方式繼續存在,是在這種意義下作為一個獨立存在,亦可因此而承受變化的附性存在。它在受變化後成了另一物體,因此並不因為彌撒的在各個世代的舉行,而使世界的物體不斷減少。

Mitrophanes


Posted -
2003/10/3 下午 11:06:09

回應愛德華兄﹕
Mitrophanes兄你所認為的:「祝聖後餅酒的質,並沒有消失」,是否的確是東正教會的看法?這會否陷入了天主教會所譴責而馬丁路德所主張的「consubstantialism」?
答﹕關於此一點﹐正教的看法其實十分簡單﹕至聖事奉聖禮是真實的祭獻。在此聖事中我們領受的是主耶穌基督真實的﹐屬天的﹐神聖的﹐不朽的﹐施予生命的體血。至於祝聖後的祭品的質是否消失﹐個人以為教會並未對此作出裁決。而大多數的教父是反對“變體論”的。我日前專為此問題請教了我的神師﹐他的個人見解就是:「祝聖後餅酒的質,並沒有消失」。而此種觀點就我個人所見﹐也是當前正教內的普遍觀點。至於馬丁路德的“同體論”從來就沒有在正教的聖事理論中有一席之地。

據我的理解,東正教對於餅酒在祝聖後,的的確確成了基督的體血這一點,是沒有懷疑的。在這一點上,正教和公教都是肯定著這個真理
答﹕如前所述﹐正教向來肯定﹕“餅酒在祝聖後,的的確確成了基督的體血。”
但是要說“正教和公教都是肯定著這個真理”那還為時過早。因為在聖體聖事上雙方的分歧很大。不僅僅是一個“變體論”的問題。甚至站在正教信徒的立場上﹐我們無法確定(事實上是大多數人否定)羅馬天主教內保存了有效的聖體血聖事。而對於聖事﹐正教一向強調體驗而非分析。若天主教內無正教所定義的有效聖體血聖事﹐那麼要想雙方在此方面達成何種共識是很困難的了。

天主教會亦承認為說明餅酒在祝聖時的變化,未必一定要用transubstantiation一詞。
答﹕這到是頭一回聽說。如果真的是 “未必一定要用”的話﹐我到極右興趣知道可供選擇的它種解釋是什麼﹖再說﹐關於祝聖後“餅酒之質”存或不存﹐是非此即彼的﹐如何有第三種可能性呢﹖

按小弟的記憶,正教不僅在「一時一地」承認metousiosis和transubstantiation,而且在不少被各地承認的地方會議內運用這個字眼。
這裡有一點要注意﹕正教會不僅沒有“教宗無誤”的信條﹐也沒有“公會議無誤”的信條。正教僅僅承認“教會無誤”。被一些地方會議應用﹐不等於就是教條。而且當當時的這些神學家使用metousiosis和transubstantiation的字眼時﹐是否就賦予了它們和在羅馬天主教內所具有的同等的含義﹐也還是不無疑問的。另外﹐希臘的土據時代﹐以及彼得大帝之後的俄羅斯﹐在正教會內有一股很強烈的“拉丁化”“西方化”傾向。這是很不幸的。清除幾百年來“歐風美雨”在正教會內的沉澱﹐回歸到福音和聖教父的真實傳承﹐正是我們這一代人所應該做的。

Mitrophanes


Posted -
2003/10/3 下午 11:10:02


真是昏了頭﹐今天想起來﹐自己來回答自己罷。SUBSTANTIA對應的希臘字其實就是“Ypostasis”阿。SUB對ypo,STATIO對stasis。

edward


Posted -
2003/10/4 下午 06:26:11

若祝聖後餅酒的質依然存在,那麼,這和馬丁路德的「consubstantialism」,又有何分別呢?

Substantia在士林哲學(其實亞里士多德不也是希臘人?)的意思,其實和essentia分別不大。兩者都是描述一物的本質--「這是甚麼」。Substantia相對於Accidens而言,Essentia則是相對於Esse而言。

若我們指著麵餅說;這是麵餅,亦看似麵餅。那麼,就是說該物的substantia和accidentia都是麵餅。

當餅酒被祝聖後,我指著它說:這是基督的身體,但看似麵餅。那麼,我就是說該物的substantia是基督的身體,而accidentia則是麵餅的。

但Mitrophanes兄你可否解釋:餅酒被祝聖後,可否將之說是「既是麵餅,亦是基督的身體」?

edward


Posted -
2003/10/4 下午 06:33:30

原來正教弟兄中,居然有這麼多人懷疑公教聖事的有效性。

從互聯網上的資料所見,正教對於transubstantiation和公教聖事有效性的看法和做法,可謂眾說紛紜,莫衷一是。

Meeting the Orthodox - Validity of Roman Catholic Orders

記得幾年前有一次與聶主教參加一個座談會。在回程時,我對他說:「我亦視您為宗徒的繼承者。」當時他以微笑回應。在他的笑容背後,其實會否想著:「你們那位胡樞機則不然了!」?

到底他又是怎看我們天主教的聖秩的?

edward


Posted -
2003/10/4 下午 06:34:50

Mitrophanes兄又怎看這篇文章呢?

BAPTISM AND "SACRAMENTAL ECONOMY" - An Agreed Statement of The North American Orthodox-Catholic Theological Consultation

edward


Posted -
2003/10/4 下午 06:52:37

在正教的歷史中,只有七次大公會議,但就連該些「公會議」也不是無誤的。那麼應由誰去詮釋「教會」(俄羅斯?伊斯坦堡?)的傳統呢?

剛才Mitrophanes兄你所說:transubstantiation一詞,是受了拉丁教會兼俄羅斯沙皇影響的說法。照你所言,這就是「壞影響」了?

而因著「伊斯蘭君主的保護」,正教宗主教得以堅決否認公教會聖事的有效性,及激化filioque爭論,就是「好影響」了?

edward


Posted -
2003/10/4 下午 06:58:53

拉丁文對ousia,在不同的地方譯為substantia和essentia。Accidens的希臘字,則為sumbebekota。

Hypostasis在拉丁文的對應,則是suppositum。

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